Earth Observation and Geomatics Engineering

Keyword Index

A

Accident severity Spatial Prediction of the Impact of Road Accidents on Traffic Using Machine Learning Algorithms [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Activity Space Analyzing the activity space parameters of human daily intra-city movements: the home and workplace relative to the city center [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 145-160]
Additional parameters Optimal selection of distortion model parameters for projection lenses ssing phasogrammetric self-calibration [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 39-50]
ADSI Measuring drought agriculture by using ADSI and VHI indices and determining crops irrigation effects (case study: Markazi province) [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
AERONET Investigation impact of massive dust storm on aerosol optical, physical, radiative properties over Southwest Iran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Aerosol Investigation impact of massive dust storm on aerosol optical, physical, radiative properties over Southwest Iran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Aerosol Optical Depth High-resolution urban aerosol monitoring using Sentinel -2 satellite images [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 102-111]
Aerosol Retrieval High-resolution urban aerosol monitoring using Sentinel -2 satellite images [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 102-111]
Agent-based model A novel agent-based model for forest fire prediction [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 51-63]
Agricultural drought Measuring drought agriculture by using ADSI and VHI indices and determining crops irrigation effects (case study: Markazi province) [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Air pollution Evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions in thermal power plant and its effect on air quality in the neighboring city using Sentinel-5 images (Case Study: Iran, Arak) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 36-45]
Air pollution Integration of Multi-modal Remote Sensing Data and LSTM Techniques for Gaseous Pollutants Estimation in Tehran [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 1-16]
ALOS Improving ALOS Digital Elevation Model Using ICESat-2 Data and Random Forest [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 137-143]
ALPHA A comparison of four methods for extracting Land Surface Emissivity and Temperature in the Thermal Infrared Hyperspectral Data [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 56-63]
Anisotropic covariance Investigation of the Consistency Between Anisotropic Covariance Structure of the Local Gravity Signal and the Mass Density through the Patch-wise Least Squares Collocation in Gravity Field Modelling [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 111-117]
ANN Fault distance-based approach in thermal anomaly detection before strong Earthquakes [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Anomaly detection Semi-Automatic Monitoring of Miankale Wetland Drought Based on a Hybrid Anomaly Detection Method Using Time Series Satellite Images in Google Earth Engine [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Anomaly detection Anomaly Detection in SAR Images Using a Hybrid Self-Supervised Approach [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-84]
Ant colony Optimization Development of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Method for Evaluating Freight Transport Corridors: A Case Study of Eurasian [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 85-92]
Applicability analysis Applicability analysis of the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform for de-striping of GRACE products [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 74-81]
Area-Based Registration Effective approach for area-based spaceborne SAR images registration using GLCM textural Features [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 13-25]
Artificial Intelligence Assessment of spatiotemporal traffic flow patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using non-linear auto-regressive with external input in Tehran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Artificial Intelligence A Comparative Analysis of YOLO and Faster R-CNN Algorithms for Micro-UAVs Detection in Surveillance Videos [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Artificial Intelligence Development of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Method for Evaluating Freight Transport Corridors: A Case Study of Eurasian [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 85-92]
Artificial Neural Network A multiple land use change model based on artificial neural network, Markov chain, and multi objective land allocation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 82-99]
Artificial Neural Network Simultaneous Modeling Modelling Horizontal and Vertical Urban Development Using Parcel-Based Cellular Automata and Artificial Neural Networks [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
ATL08 Improving ALOS Digital Elevation Model Using ICESat-2 Data and Random Forest [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 137-143]
Attention U-Net Dual Stream Attention U-Net for High Precision Methane Plume Segmentation from Sentinel 2 Imagery [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 41-50]
Attention UNet Comparison of Some Deep Neural Networks for Corn and Soybean Mapping in Iowa State using Landsat imagery [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Automated Inspection A YOLO-Based Approach for Small-Object Defect Detection in High-Voltage Transmission Towers [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 117-125]
A-VIKOR Mineral prospectivity mapping of porphyry Cu deposit using VIKOR method [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 148-168]

B

Background Suppression Application of Local Supervised Feature Selection Approach to Target Detection in Hyperspectral Imagery [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 43-53]
Backprojection Evaluating an S-band Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging System for LFMCW SAR Processing [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 1-11]
Beirut exploitation Damage detection using Gas Neural Network and Statistical Analysis using Very High-Resolution Imagery; Application to Beirut 2020 Explosion [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Bias Long-term evaluation of temperature profiles derived from space-based GPS meteorology with radiosonde measurements over Iran [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 1-12]
Boundary Value Problem Numerical determination of the geodesic curves: the solution of a two-point boundary value problem [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 26-35]
BPI Evaluation of Deep Learning Methods for Human Detection in Drone Thermal Images [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
BPR model A new weighted BPR model for travel time estimation sensitive to “on the road elements” [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Brain-inspired Monocular vision based obstacle detection [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 122-130]
Budget formulation Improving Regional Budgeting: An Ontology-Based SDSS Framework for Fair Resource Allocation [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Building Change Detection ChangeCoTNet : Building Change Detection by Contextual Transformer Deep Network [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Building Change Detection Building change detection improvement using satellite image features and deep learning [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Building Damage Detection Combination of Post-Earthquake LiDAR Data and Satellite Imagery for Buildings Damage detection [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 12-20]
Building detection Presenting an extended evaluation framework for building detection algorithms using high spatial resolution images [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 26-35]
Building extraction Automatic generation of E-LOD1 from LiDAR point cloud [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 16-25]
Building Index Mask Unsupervised building change detection in VHR images using improved PCA-KMeans algorithm [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Building Indices Estimation of the degree of surface sealing with Sentinel 2 data using building indices [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 112-119]
Buoy Evaluation of HYCOM sea surface salinity and temperature using buoy measurements [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Buried-target detection Tomographic SAR Profiling for Buried Target Detection using Multilayer Physical Modelling [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]

C

Cables Fast extraction of power lines from mobile LiDAR point clouds based on SVM classification in non-urban area [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 63-73]
Cadastre A Profile of Land Administration Domain Model Core Packages for Iranian Jurisdiction [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 61-71]
CA model An Integrated Parcel-based Neighborhood Effect Model for Urban Land Use Allocation [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 61-74]
Cellular automata modeling Spatiotemporal Modeling and Forecasting of Urban Expansion in Mashhad Using U-TAE and Cellular Automata [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 119-133]
Change detection Automatic change detection in remotely sensed hyperspectral imagery (Case study: wetlands and waterbodies) [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 9-25]
Change detection Firefly optimization algorithm for change detection in urban areas using remote sensing images [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 82-99]
Change detection Development of a non-supervised and automatic method for detecting land cover changes in urban areas by using radar and optic data [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 64-76]
Change detection Unsupervised change detection monitoring by feature change extraction using bi-temporal high resolution polarimetric SAR images [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 66-80]
Change detection Deep learning model improvement for building change detection by including local remote sensing training datasets [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Change detection Damage detection using Gas Neural Network and Statistical Analysis using Very High-Resolution Imagery; Application to Beirut 2020 Explosion [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Change detection Object-Based Supervised Change Detection Using Extracted Features from VHR Imagery [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Change detection Short-Term Spatiotemporal Changes Analysis in Wetlands Areas (Case Study: MianKaleh Wetland) [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Change Vector Analysis Development of a non-supervised and automatic method for detecting land cover changes in urban areas by using radar and optic data [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 64-76]
Chinese Z Index Assessing the impact of cold and warm ENSO on drought over Iran [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 45-55]
CityGML Developing a VGI method for 3D city modeling based on CityGML and Open Data Kit [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 54-63]
CityGML Introducing a Customized Framework for 3D Spatial Data Infrastructure of Iran Based on OGC Standards [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 92-101]
CityServer3D Introducing a Customized Framework for 3D Spatial Data Infrastructure of Iran Based on OGC Standards [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 92-101]
Classification The Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives in the field of vegetation Classification with emphasis on Horticultural Species Using machine learning Methods [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-22]
Classification Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics in the Urmia Lake Basin [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 82-92]
Classification accuracy Evaluating the capability of spatial and spectral fusion in land-cover mapping enhancement [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Climate Assessing the impact of cold and warm ENSO on drought over Iran [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 45-55]
Cloud cover A Hybrid Under-Cloud Gap Filling Approach for LST Estimation Using MODIS and Meteorological Station Data [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Clustering Improvement Efficiency of Radial Basis Function Based on the Optimization of its Parameters using Particle Swarm Optimization [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
CNN Comparing CNN and GAN Based Models for Flood Extent Mapping [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 126-136]
CNN A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Methane Plume Detection in Oil and Gas Sectors Using PRISMA Satellite [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 51-60]
Code lists Introducing a Customized Framework for 3D Spatial Data Infrastructure of Iran Based on OGC Standards [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 92-101]
Coherent motion theory Non-rigid star pattern recognition for preparation of IOD’s observations [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 47-57]
Combined Model Convolutional Neural Network Evaluation of A Hybrid CNN-TCN-LSTM Model for Traffic Flow Prediction [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Commercial Intensity Index (CII) A Diagnostic Framework for Selecting Spatial Regression Models in Urban Accessibility Studies [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 105-118]
Composite analysis Assessing the impact of cold and warm ENSO on drought over Iran [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 45-55]
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) CFD-Based Estimation of Sunken Vessel Position Using Environmental Data and Last-Recorded AIS Data [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 14-21]
Conceptual model A Profile of Land Administration Domain Model Core Packages for Iranian Jurisdiction [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 61-71]
Consecutive Iterated Helmholtz Operator Ellipsoidal spline functions for gravity data interpolation and smoothing [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 1-11]
Contextual Transformer ChangeCoTNet : Building Change Detection by Contextual Transformer Deep Network [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Convolutional Autoencoder 3D Convolutional Autoencoder For Tree Extraction From Mobile And Airborne Lidar Point Clouds [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Convolutional Neural Network Patch-Level Land Use and Land Cover Classification Using a Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network: A Case Study on Optical and SAR Data in Iran [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 47-60]
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) A Hyperspectral Classification Framework Based on Segmentation and Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Convolutional neural networks Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics in the Urmia Lake Basin [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 82-92]
Corresponding Fault Fault distance-based approach in thermal anomaly detection before strong Earthquakes [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Corridor evaluation Development of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Method for Evaluating Freight Transport Corridors: A Case Study of Eurasian [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 85-92]
Coseismic Determination of optimal gravity mission for the coseismic earthquake signals detection [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 118-128]
Covariance descriptors A spatial-spectral classification strategy for very high-resolution images using region covariance descriptors and multiple kernel learning algorithms [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 92-98]
Covariance matrix On the evaluation of second order phase statistics in SAR interferogram stacks [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 1-15]
Coverage Hole Displacement the Overlapping Sensors to Heal the Coverage Holes in a Wireless Sensor Network [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 111-117]
Covid-19 Multi-Modal Routing Using NSGA-II Algorithm considering Covid-19 Protocols: A Case Study in Tehran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Covid-19 Modeling The Propagation Of COVID-19 Using A Multilayer Perceptron And Radial Basis Function In Digital Twins Framework [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Critical Locations Identifying Critical Locations in Urban Transportation Networks Using Network Kernel Density Estimation (Net-KDE): A Spatial Analysis [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Crop mapping A spatio-temporal feature extraction algorithm for crop mapping using satellite image time-series data [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 112-121]
Curvature Inferring geometric similarities of trajectories by an abstract trajectory descriptor [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 56-65]
C-VIKOR Mineral prospectivity mapping of porphyry Cu deposit using VIKOR method [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 148-168]

D

DAI A Dual-Layer UAV Workflow for Tree-Level Monitoring of Tree Decline Using RGB Imagery and a Lightweight Deep Learning [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 93-102]
Damage Assessment Damage detection using Gas Neural Network and Statistical Analysis using Very High-Resolution Imagery; Application to Beirut 2020 Explosion [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Dam settlement Long-term deformation analysis of Masjed-Soleyman rockfill dam (Iran): results based on terrestrial geodetic data [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 26-43]
Data Augmentation Automatic rice fields mapping by fusion of in-decoder CNN and data augmentation techniques on Landsat-8 multi-temporal images [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 74-95]
Data quality Estimating the Quality of Areal OSM Data, A Case Study in Zanjan [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 72-81]
Data snooping procedure On the use of two L1 norm minimization methods in geodetic networks [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 1-8]
Decision-Level Fusion Flood Detection Using Earth Observation Data and a Multi-Stage Fusion via Google Earth Engine: A Case Study of Konarak County, Iran [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 70-82]
Decision Strategies Different Multi-Criteria Strategies in Hospital Location Ranking using Dempster–Shafer Decision-Level Fusion and Quantifier-guided OWA, A Case Study [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Decision Tree Spatial Prediction of the Impact of Road Accidents on Traffic Using Machine Learning Algorithms [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Deep learning Advanced Deep Learning Methods for Converting Single-Polarized SAR Images to Fully Polarized Representations and Corresponding Freeman-Durden and H/α Feature Decompositions [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Deep learning Lightweight and Efficient Deep Learning Models for Remote Sensing-Based Land Use and Land Cover Classification: A Case Study on EuroSAT Dataset [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Deep learning Assessing Regional Patterns of Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery, Degradation, and Change Using NDVI Time Series and MLP: A Multi-Region Case Study [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 23-46]
Deep learning Patch-Level Land Use and Land Cover Classification Using a Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network: A Case Study on Optical and SAR Data in Iran [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 47-60]
Deep learning Intelligent Methods For Soil Moisture Retrieval from Sentinel -1 SAR Data Based On a Designed Ground Sensor [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 28-39]
Deep learning Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms for UAV-Based Rooftop Classification [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 40-53]
Deep learning Automatic Segmentation of Lung X-Ray Images Using U-Net Convolutional Neural Network [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 54-60]
Deep learning A YOLO-Based Approach for Small-Object Defect Detection in High-Voltage Transmission Towers [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 117-125]
Deep learning Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics in the Urmia Lake Basin [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 82-92]
Deep learning Pan-sharpening Solutions for Khayyam Satellite Imagery: A Comparative Study on Pixel-Level Image Fusion Approaches [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 29-40]
Deep learning Dual Stream Attention U-Net for High Precision Methane Plume Segmentation from Sentinel 2 Imagery [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 41-50]
Deep-Learning The Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives in the field of vegetation Classification with emphasis on Horticultural Species Using machine learning Methods [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-22]
Deep learning improvement Deep learning model improvement for building change detection by including local remote sensing training datasets [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Deep learning model Building change detection improvement using satellite image features and deep learning [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Deep learning network Identification of Coastal and Non-Coastal Vessels in SAR Radar Images Using YOLOv8 Deep Learning Network [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Deep Neural Networks Flood Detection Based on UNet++ Segmentation Method Using Sentinel-1 Satellite Imagery [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
DEMATEL-based ANP (DANP) Using GIS and DANP in detecting potential areas for Sinkholes [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 132-147]
DEM Generation Extraction of ground points from LiDAR data based on slope and progressive window thresholding (SPWT) [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 36-44]
DEM matching A quality assessment on the DEM matching-based RPC bias correction [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 12-23]
Dempster–Shafer theory Different Multi-Criteria Strategies in Hospital Location Ranking using Dempster–Shafer Decision-Level Fusion and Quantifier-guided OWA, A Case Study [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Density anomaly Investigation of the Consistency Between Anisotropic Covariance Structure of the Local Gravity Signal and the Mass Density through the Patch-wise Least Squares Collocation in Gravity Field Modelling [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 111-117]
Density-based spatial clustering A novel density-based super-pixel aggregation for automatic segmentation of remote sensing images in urban areas [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 84-91]
De-striping Applicability analysis of the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform for de-striping of GRACE products [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 74-81]
Digital Elevation Model Evaluation of a 2-D transformation model for georeferencing of Synthetic Aperture RADAR imagery [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 1-11]
Digital Elevation Models A quality assessment on the DEM matching-based RPC bias correction [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 12-23]
Digital fringe projection Optimal selection of distortion model parameters for projection lenses ssing phasogrammetric self-calibration [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 39-50]
Digital surface model (DSM) Reconstruction of 3D Building Edges to Improve DSM Generated from UAV Multi-Images [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Digital Twin (DT) Modeling The Propagation Of COVID-19 Using A Multilayer Perceptron And Radial Basis Function In Digital Twins Framework [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Dimensionality Reduction Predictive Analytics for Urban Sprawl Using Machine Learning in Land Cover Mapping [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Distance-ratio Monocular vision based obstacle detection [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 122-130]
Distributed scatterers Feasibility Assessment of Exploitation of Distributed Scatterers in InSAR Stacks over Pasture Areas for Different SAR Satellite Missions [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 64-73]
Downscaling Downscaling of SMAP Soil Moisture Satellite Via Multivariate Regression and Artificial Neural Network Methods [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Drone Evaluation of Deep Learning Methods for Human Detection in Drone Thermal Images [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Drought Monitoring Semi-Automatic Monitoring of Miankale Wetland Drought Based on a Hybrid Anomaly Detection Method Using Time Series Satellite Images in Google Earth Engine [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Drought propagation Temporal Dynamics of Drought Propagation: A Remote Sensing Approach to Track Agricultural Drought Response to Precipitation Variability [(Articles in Press)]
Dual branch Network ChangeCoTNet : Building Change Detection by Contextual Transformer Deep Network [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Dual-Layer UAV A Dual-Layer UAV Workflow for Tree-Level Monitoring of Tree Decline Using RGB Imagery and a Lightweight Deep Learning [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 93-102]
Dual-polarization SAR Integration of Polarimetric Signature-Based Features and Texture Analysis for Accurate Soil Salinity Classification with Sentinel-1 [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 103-110]
Dual-Stream Architecture Dual Stream Attention U-Net for High Precision Methane Plume Segmentation from Sentinel 2 Imagery [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 41-50]
Dust Storm Investigation impact of massive dust storm on aerosol optical, physical, radiative properties over Southwest Iran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Dust Storm Integrated quantitative and qualitative GIS based drought analysis and salt/dust storm impacts on food security [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 93-103]
Dynamic pulse function Photorealistic versus procedural texturing of the 3D buildings in virtual smart cities [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Dynamic World Spatiotemporal Modeling and Forecasting of Urban Expansion in Mashhad Using U-TAE and Cellular Automata [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 119-133]

E

Earth Observation Patch-Level Land Use and Land Cover Classification Using a Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network: A Case Study on Optical and SAR Data in Iran [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 47-60]
Earthquake Precursor Fault distance-based approach in thermal anomaly detection before strong Earthquakes [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Earthquake signal Determination of optimal gravity mission for the coseismic earthquake signals detection [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 118-128]
Edge detection Automatic generation of E-LOD1 from LiDAR point cloud [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 16-25]
Effectiveness Index Firefly optimization algorithm for change detection in urban areas using remote sensing images [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 82-99]
Einstein's field equations Multipole structure of Kerr spacetime: a proposal for applications in geodesy [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Enhanced Vegetation Index Quantitative Assessment of the Trends and Spatio-Temporal Variability of Vegetation Growth in Iran using Wavelet Transform and Statistical Approaches [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Ensemble learning Object-Based Supervised Change Detection Using Extracted Features from VHR Imagery [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Ensemble learning Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms for UAV-Based Rooftop Classification [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 40-53]
Error matrix Presenting an extended evaluation framework for building detection algorithms using high spatial resolution images [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 26-35]
Evaluation Presenting an extended evaluation framework for building detection algorithms using high spatial resolution images [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 26-35]
Evaluation The credibility evaluation of the trajectory clustering results using a user-defined similarity [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 132-144]
Exact Solution Multipole structure of Kerr spacetime: a proposal for applications in geodesy [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]

F

F and G functions The generalized F and G series for the satellite orbit propagation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 71-81]
Faster R-CNN A Comparative Analysis of YOLO and Faster R-CNN Algorithms for Micro-UAVs Detection in Surveillance Videos [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
F-BWM The role of morphological spatial indices in the suitability of urban earthquake management [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Feature extraction A spatio-temporal feature extraction algorithm for crop mapping using satellite image time-series data [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 112-121]
Feature extraction Object-Based Supervised Change Detection Using Extracted Features from VHR Imagery [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Feature extraction Building change detection improvement using satellite image features and deep learning [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Feature extraction Integration of Polarimetric Signature-Based Features and Texture Analysis for Accurate Soil Salinity Classification with Sentinel-1 [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 103-110]
Feature Fusion Short-Term Spatiotemporal Changes Analysis in Wetlands Areas (Case Study: MianKaleh Wetland) [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Feature Matching Changes in VGI Quality Over Time: Positional Accuracy Trends in Tehran City [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Feature Selection Utilizing location-based social network data for optimal retail store placement [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 77-91]
FES2014 Evaluation of the global tidal model FES2014 with Tide Gauge data in the Coastal regions of the Persian Gulf [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Firefly Algorithm Firefly optimization algorithm for change detection in urban areas using remote sensing images [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 82-99]
Flight altitude Simulation and Analysis of Flight Altitude and Images Overlaps Impact on 3D Reconstruction Accuracy in UAV Photogrammetry [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Flood Detection A Comparative Study of Flood Detection Models with Optimized Machine Learning Methods Using Sentinel-1 Data [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Flood Detection Flood Detection Using Earth Observation Data and a Multi-Stage Fusion via Google Earth Engine: A Case Study of Konarak County, Iran [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 70-82]
Flood Extent Mapping Comparing CNN and GAN Based Models for Flood Extent Mapping [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 126-136]
Flood Inundation Flood inundation modeling in ungauged basins using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles imagery [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 44-55]
Flood-Level Marks Flood inundation modeling in ungauged basins using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles imagery [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 44-55]
Flood segmentation Flood Detection Based on UNet++ Segmentation Method Using Sentinel-1 Satellite Imagery [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Flood susceptibility Preparation of flood susceptibility mapping using an ensemble of frequency ratio and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system models [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 64-77]
Food security Integrated quantitative and qualitative GIS based drought analysis and salt/dust storm impacts on food security [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 93-103]
Forest destruction Forest destruction and its impact on land surface temperature using satellite data (Case Study: Forests of Hiran Region) [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Forest fire prediction A novel agent-based model for forest fire prediction [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 51-63]
Forums A new approach based on the RFS method for evaluating popularity of top open-source GIS software packages using user comments in forums [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 58-70]
Fractal SPM Estimation of surface roughness using two physical models, IEM and fractal SPM, on X-band of SAR image. [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
FRAGSTAT Spatial analysis of land use/land cover (LULC) changes to support sustainable land management based on landscape metrics [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Freight transport Development of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Method for Evaluating Freight Transport Corridors: A Case Study of Eurasian [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 85-92]
Frequency ratio (FR) model Preparation of flood susceptibility mapping using an ensemble of frequency ratio and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system models [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 64-77]
Fusion in-Decoder Automatic rice fields mapping by fusion of in-decoder CNN and data augmentation techniques on Landsat-8 multi-temporal images [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 74-95]
Fuzzy-AHP An integrated Fuzzy AHP-VIKOR method for Gold Potential Mapping in Saqez prospecting zone, Iran [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 21-33]
Fuzzy logic Study on the radioactive pollution in urban features using knowledge-based fuzzy classification of VHR satellite imagery [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 81-97]
Fuzzy set Using Fuzzy-CA model for modelling of transportation network and satellite towns impacts on landuse change [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 112-131]

G

GAN Comparing CNN and GAN Based Models for Flood Extent Mapping [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 126-136]
Gas Neural Network (Gas-NN) Damage detection using Gas Neural Network and Statistical Analysis using Very High-Resolution Imagery; Application to Beirut 2020 Explosion [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
GBSAR Evaluating an S-band Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging System for LFMCW SAR Processing [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 1-11]
GCPs Network 3D reconstruction accuracy assessment of UAV-based photogrammetry products: Modeling of GCPs pattern, number, and spatial distribution [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
GEE Evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions in thermal power plant and its effect on air quality in the neighboring city using Sentinel-5 images (Case Study: Iran, Arak) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 36-45]
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) Radiometric and Geometric Enhancement of UAV-Based Urban Orthophoto Mosaic Using Real-ESRGAN Super-Resolution [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Genetic Algorithm Developing a spatial solution for earthquake crisis management using volunteered geographic information and genetic algorithm: A case study of an earthquake, Tehran, Iran [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 109-118]
Genetic Algorithm Development of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Method for Evaluating Freight Transport Corridors: A Case Study of Eurasian [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 85-92]
Geocrowdsourcing Developing a spatial solution for earthquake crisis management using volunteered geographic information and genetic algorithm: A case study of an earthquake, Tehran, Iran [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 109-118]
Geodesic Numerical determination of the geodesic curves: the solution of a two-point boundary value problem [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 26-35]
Geodetic monitoring Long-term deformation analysis of Masjed-Soleyman rockfill dam (Iran): results based on terrestrial geodetic data [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 26-43]
Geographic Information System (GIS) Preparation of flood susceptibility mapping using an ensemble of frequency ratio and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system models [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 64-77]
Geoid On the covariant formulation of geoid: the case for Kerr spacetime [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 12-17]
Geological Geospatial Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping using Geological, Remote Sensing Data and Multi-Criteria Analysis Techniques [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Geology mapping Morphological discrimination amongst geological rock surfaces of Zagros thrust belt via SAR backscattering modelling [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 131-141]
Geomarketing Utilizing location-based social network data for optimal retail store placement [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 77-91]
Geometric similarity Inferring geometric similarities of trajectories by an abstract trajectory descriptor [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 56-65]
Georeferencing Evaluation of a 2-D transformation model for georeferencing of Synthetic Aperture RADAR imagery [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 1-11]
Geospatial Information System A Deep Neural Network for Mass Property Valuation Using Spatial Features [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 104-116]
Geostrophic currents Monitoring of sea surface currents by using sea surface temperature and satellite altimetry data in the Caspian Sea [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 36-46]
GIS A novel agent-based model for forest fire prediction [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 51-63]
GIS Assessing and Quantitative Evaluating the Locations of Schools Based on Multiple Environmental Criteria (Case Study: Zone 4 of District 5, Tehran) [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
GIS Different Multi-Criteria Strategies in Hospital Location Ranking using Dempster–Shafer Decision-Level Fusion and Quantifier-guided OWA, A Case Study [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
GIS Spatial analysis of land use/land cover (LULC) changes to support sustainable land management based on landscape metrics [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
GIS Integrated quantitative and qualitative GIS based drought analysis and salt/dust storm impacts on food security [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 93-103]
GIS CFD-Based Estimation of Sunken Vessel Position Using Environmental Data and Last-Recorded AIS Data [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 14-21]
GIS software A new approach based on the RFS method for evaluating popularity of top open-source GIS software packages using user comments in forums [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 58-70]
GLCM Textural Features Effective approach for area-based spaceborne SAR images registration using GLCM textural Features [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 13-25]
Google Earth Engine Estimation of the degree of surface sealing with Sentinel 2 data using building indices [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 112-119]
Google Earth Engine Semi-Automatic Monitoring of Miankale Wetland Drought Based on a Hybrid Anomaly Detection Method Using Time Series Satellite Images in Google Earth Engine [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
GPCC datasets Assessing the impact of cold and warm ENSO on drought over Iran [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 45-55]
GPS PWV Impact of Iranian permanent GPS network precipitable water estimates on numerical weather prediction [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 100-111]
GPS RO Long-term evaluation of temperature profiles derived from space-based GPS meteorology with radiosonde measurements over Iran [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 1-12]
GPS time series analysis Feasibility study of GPS time series analysis with time-dependent periodic coefficients model (TDPC) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 28-35]
Grace Applicability analysis of the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform for de-striping of GRACE products [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 74-81]
Gradient Boosting A Comparative Study of Flood Detection Models with Optimized Machine Learning Methods Using Sentinel-1 Data [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Gradient Boosting Spatial Prediction of the Impact of Road Accidents on Traffic Using Machine Learning Algorithms [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Gram–Schmidt Quantifying the Effect of PAN/MS Resolution Ratios on Pansharpening Quality Using IDSSIM [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Gravity changing Determination of optimal gravity mission for the coseismic earthquake signals detection [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 118-128]
Gravity Method Displacement the Overlapping Sensors to Heal the Coverage Holes in a Wireless Sensor Network [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 111-117]
Ground Filtering Extraction of ground points from LiDAR data based on slope and progressive window thresholding (SPWT) [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 36-44]
Groundwater Geospatial Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping using Geological, Remote Sensing Data and Multi-Criteria Analysis Techniques [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]

H

HEC-RAS Flood inundation modeling in ungauged basins using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles imagery [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 44-55]
High Resolution Satellite Image (HRSI) Combination of Post-Earthquake LiDAR Data and Satellite Imagery for Buildings Damage detection [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 12-20]
High spatial resolution images Presenting an extended evaluation framework for building detection algorithms using high spatial resolution images [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 26-35]
High-Voltage Power Towers A YOLO-Based Approach for Small-Object Defect Detection in High-Voltage Transmission Towers [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 117-125]
Highway Assessing landslide hazards along the Haraz road based on the NSBAS processing - April 5, 2022 in the Doab Region [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Home and workplace Analyzing the activity space parameters of human daily intra-city movements: the home and workplace relative to the city center [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 145-160]
Horticultural-crops The Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives in the field of vegetation Classification with emphasis on Horticultural Species Using machine learning Methods [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-22]
HYCOM reanalysis Evaluation of HYCOM sea surface salinity and temperature using buoy measurements [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Hydraulic Modelling Flood inundation modeling in ungauged basins using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles imagery [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 44-55]
Hyperspectral Automatic change detection in remotely sensed hyperspectral imagery (Case study: wetlands and waterbodies) [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 9-25]
Hyperspectral A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Methane Plume Detection in Oil and Gas Sectors Using PRISMA Satellite [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 51-60]
Hyperspectral Image Classification (HSI) A Hyperspectral Classification Framework Based on Segmentation and Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Hyperspectral Imagery Application of Local Supervised Feature Selection Approach to Target Detection in Hyperspectral Imagery [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 43-53]
HyTES A comparison of four methods for extracting Land Surface Emissivity and Temperature in the Thermal Infrared Hyperspectral Data [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 56-63]

I

ICESat-2 Improving ALOS Digital Elevation Model Using ICESat-2 Data and Random Forest [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 137-143]
IDSSIM Quantifying the Effect of PAN/MS Resolution Ratios on Pansharpening Quality Using IDSSIM [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
IEM Estimation of surface roughness using two physical models, IEM and fractal SPM, on X-band of SAR image. [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
IEM Tomographic SAR Profiling for Buried Target Detection using Multilayer Physical Modelling [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
IGS products Assessing the Feasibility and Performance of Low-Cost GNSS Receivers for Precise Point Positioning Across Diverse Environments [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 61-69]
Image Road Segmentation in High-Resolution Overhead Imagery Using Deep Encoder–Decoder Architecture [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 118-131]
Image classification A novel density-based super-pixel aggregation for automatic segmentation of remote sensing images in urban areas [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 84-91]
Image Fusion Development of a non-supervised and automatic method for detecting land cover changes in urban areas by using radar and optic data [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 64-76]
Image Fusion Evaluating the capability of spatial and spectral fusion in land-cover mapping enhancement [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Image Fusion Quantifying the Effect of PAN/MS Resolution Ratios on Pansharpening Quality Using IDSSIM [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Image matching A Comparative Assessment of Selected Algorithms on Multi Domain Registration of Remote Sensing Images [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 100-110]
Image overlap Simulation and Analysis of Flight Altitude and Images Overlaps Impact on 3D Reconstruction Accuracy in UAV Photogrammetry [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Image segmentation A novel density-based super-pixel aggregation for automatic segmentation of remote sensing images in urban areas [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 84-91]
Image segmentation Study on the radioactive pollution in urban features using knowledge-based fuzzy classification of VHR satellite imagery [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 81-97]
Image segmentation Object-Based Supervised Change Detection Using Extracted Features from VHR Imagery [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Imaging Evaluating an S-band Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging System for LFMCW SAR Processing [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 1-11]
Index Overlay Mineral prospectivity mapping of porphyry Cu deposit using VIKOR method [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 148-168]
Indoor Positioning A Method for Improvement of PDR method using Smartphones Considering Pedestrian Properties [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Inductive Loop Detector Evaluation of A Hybrid CNN-TCN-LSTM Model for Traffic Flow Prediction [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Initialization algorithm An Enhanced Three-Phase Heuristic Approach for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows: Comparing Insertion-Based and Savings-Based Initialization [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Initial orbit determination Non-rigid star pattern recognition for preparation of IOD’s observations [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 47-57]
InSAR On the evaluation of second order phase statistics in SAR interferogram stacks [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 1-15]
InSAR Feasibility Assessment of Exploitation of Distributed Scatterers in InSAR Stacks over Pasture Areas for Different SAR Satellite Missions [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 64-73]
InSAR Bridge Vertical Deformation Monitoring Using GBSAR Repeat-Pass Observations [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
InSAR atmospheric noise Anisotropic Behaviour of Atmospheric Disturbances in Coastal Areas for Satellite Radar Interferometry: Significance and Mitigation Strategy [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 1-13]
Integral equation model Morphological discrimination amongst geological rock surfaces of Zagros thrust belt via SAR backscattering modelling [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 131-141]
Intra-city mobility Analyzing the activity space parameters of human daily intra-city movements: the home and workplace relative to the city center [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 145-160]

L

L1 norm minimization On the use of two L1 norm minimization methods in geodetic networks [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 1-8]
LADM v2 A Profile of Land Administration Domain Model Core Packages for Iranian Jurisdiction [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 61-71]
Lagrange coefficients The generalized F and G series for the satellite orbit propagation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 71-81]
Land cover Quantitative Assessment of the Trends and Spatio-Temporal Variability of Vegetation Growth in Iran using Wavelet Transform and Statistical Approaches [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Land cover and land use Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics in the Urmia Lake Basin [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 82-92]
Land Cover Change Modelling Predictive Analytics for Urban Sprawl Using Machine Learning in Land Cover Mapping [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Landsat Trend analysis development of urban heat island using thermal remote sensing [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 119-131]
Landsat Geospatial Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping using Geological, Remote Sensing Data and Multi-Criteria Analysis Techniques [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Landsat Forest destruction and its impact on land surface temperature using satellite data (Case Study: Forests of Hiran Region) [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Landsat-8 Automatic rice fields mapping by fusion of in-decoder CNN and data augmentation techniques on Landsat-8 multi-temporal images [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 74-95]
Landsat8 Temporal and Spatial Heat Island Pattern Investigation of 20 Different Regions over the World with Different Weather Conditions [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 18-27]
Landscape Ecology Spatial analysis of land use/land cover (LULC) changes to support sustainable land management based on landscape metrics [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Land slide An Integrated PolSAR and PolInSAR Framework for Landslide Detection Using Sentinel-1 Dual-Polarization SAR Data [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 93-104]
Land Subsidence Investigating land subsidence in the Sarkhun gas field using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Land surface temperature Thermal anomaly detection using NARX neural network method to estimate the earthquake occurrence time [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 98-108]
Land surface temperature Trend analysis development of urban heat island using thermal remote sensing [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 119-131]
Land Use Area Ratio (AR) A Diagnostic Framework for Selecting Spatial Regression Models in Urban Accessibility Studies [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 105-118]
Landuse Change Using Fuzzy-CA model for modelling of transportation network and satellite towns impacts on landuse change [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 112-131]
Land Use Count Area Ratio (CAR) A Diagnostic Framework for Selecting Spatial Regression Models in Urban Accessibility Studies [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 105-118]
Last-recorded AIS Data CFD-Based Estimation of Sunken Vessel Position Using Environmental Data and Last-Recorded AIS Data [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 14-21]
LBSN Utilizing location-based social network data for optimal retail store placement [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 77-91]
Least square Reconstruction of 3D Building Edges to Improve DSM Generated from UAV Multi-Images [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
LEO satellite The generalized F and G series for the satellite orbit propagation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 71-81]
LiDAR Extraction of ground points from LiDAR data based on slope and progressive window thresholding (SPWT) [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 36-44]
LiDAR A Comparative Assessment of Selected Algorithms on Multi Domain Registration of Remote Sensing Images [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 100-110]
LiDAR Combination of Post-Earthquake LiDAR Data and Satellite Imagery for Buildings Damage detection [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 12-20]
LiDAR Point Clouds 3D Convolutional Autoencoder For Tree Extraction From Mobile And Airborne Lidar Point Clouds [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Line approximation Automatic generation of E-LOD1 from LiDAR point cloud [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 16-25]
Linear programming problem On the use of two L1 norm minimization methods in geodetic networks [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 1-8]
Local gravity field Investigation of the Consistency Between Anisotropic Covariance Structure of the Local Gravity Signal and the Mass Density through the Patch-wise Least Squares Collocation in Gravity Field Modelling [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 111-117]
Local Search An Enhanced Three-Phase Heuristic Approach for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows: Comparing Insertion-Based and Savings-Based Initialization [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Local training datasets Deep learning model improvement for building change detection by including local remote sensing training datasets [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Log-ratio decomposition feature Unsupervised change detection monitoring by feature change extraction using bi-temporal high resolution polarimetric SAR images [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 66-80]
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Integration of Multi-modal Remote Sensing Data and LSTM Techniques for Gaseous Pollutants Estimation in Tehran [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 1-16]
Long-term comparison Long-term evaluation of temperature profiles derived from space-based GPS meteorology with radiosonde measurements over Iran [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 1-12]
Low-cost GNSS receiver Assessing the Feasibility and Performance of Low-Cost GNSS Receivers for Precise Point Positioning Across Diverse Environments [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 61-69]
LSE A comparison of four methods for extracting Land Surface Emissivity and Temperature in the Thermal Infrared Hyperspectral Data [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 56-63]
LST Temporal and Spatial Heat Island Pattern Investigation of 20 Different Regions over the World with Different Weather Conditions [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 18-27]
LST Automatic rice fields mapping by fusion of in-decoder CNN and data augmentation techniques on Landsat-8 multi-temporal images [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 74-95]
LST Fault distance-based approach in thermal anomaly detection before strong Earthquakes [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
LST A Hybrid Under-Cloud Gap Filling Approach for LST Estimation Using MODIS and Meteorological Station Data [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Lucas-Kanade Optical Flow Effective approach for area-based spaceborne SAR images registration using GLCM textural Features [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 13-25]
LULC Patch-Level Land Use and Land Cover Classification Using a Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network: A Case Study on Optical and SAR Data in Iran [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 47-60]
LULC Classification Lightweight and Efficient Deep Learning Models for Remote Sensing-Based Land Use and Land Cover Classification: A Case Study on EuroSAT Dataset [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Lung X-Ray Images Automatic Segmentation of Lung X-Ray Images Using U-Net Convolutional Neural Network [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 54-60]

M

Machine learning Utilizing location-based social network data for optimal retail store placement [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 77-91]
Machine learning A Method for Improvement of PDR method using Smartphones Considering Pedestrian Properties [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Machine learning Evaluation of A Hybrid CNN-TCN-LSTM Model for Traffic Flow Prediction [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Machine learning Intelligent Methods For Soil Moisture Retrieval from Sentinel -1 SAR Data Based On a Designed Ground Sensor [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 28-39]
Machine learning Integrated quantitative and qualitative GIS based drought analysis and salt/dust storm impacts on food security [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 93-103]
Machine learning Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms for UAV-Based Rooftop Classification [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 40-53]
Machine learning Flood Detection Using Earth Observation Data and a Multi-Stage Fusion via Google Earth Engine: A Case Study of Konarak County, Iran [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 70-82]
Machine learning An Integrated PolSAR and PolInSAR Framework for Landslide Detection Using Sentinel-1 Dual-Polarization SAR Data [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 93-104]
Machine-Learning The Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives in the field of vegetation Classification with emphasis on Horticultural Species Using machine learning Methods [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-22]
Magnetic resonance imaging A new super resolution and deblurring algorithm for Magnetic Resonance images based on sparse representation and dictionary learning [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 24-38]
Mann-Kendall Analysis Trend analysis development of urban heat island using thermal remote sensing [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 119-131]
Mann-Kendall Test Quantitative Assessment of the Trends and Spatio-Temporal Variability of Vegetation Growth in Iran using Wavelet Transform and Statistical Approaches [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Markov Chain A multiple land use change model based on artificial neural network, Markov chain, and multi objective land allocation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 82-99]
Markov Chains Predictive Analytics for Urban Sprawl Using Machine Learning in Land Cover Mapping [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Mass Property Valuation A Deep Neural Network for Mass Property Valuation Using Spatial Features [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 104-116]
MCDM Different Multi-Criteria Strategies in Hospital Location Ranking using Dempster–Shafer Decision-Level Fusion and Quantifier-guided OWA, A Case Study [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Medical Image Segmentation Automatic Segmentation of Lung X-Ray Images Using U-Net Convolutional Neural Network [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 54-60]
MEO satellites The generalized F and G series for the satellite orbit propagation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 71-81]
Meteorological drought Temporal Dynamics of Drought Propagation: A Remote Sensing Approach to Track Agricultural Drought Response to Precipitation Variability [(Articles in Press)]
Methane Plume Segmentation Dual Stream Attention U-Net for High Precision Methane Plume Segmentation from Sentinel 2 Imagery [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 41-50]
Micro-climate Forest destruction and its impact on land surface temperature using satellite data (Case Study: Forests of Hiran Region) [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Micro-UAV A Comparative Analysis of YOLO and Faster R-CNN Algorithms for Micro-UAVs Detection in Surveillance Videos [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
MIMO radar Improved cross-range resolution 2D Ground-based SAR to monitor remote objects [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Minimization problem, Surface Green's functions, Evaluation functionals Ellipsoidal spline functions for gravity data interpolation and smoothing [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 1-11]
Mobile Laser Scanner (MLS) Fast extraction of power lines from mobile LiDAR point clouds based on SVM classification in non-urban area [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 63-73]
Mobile Laser Scanner (MLS) 3D Convolutional Autoencoder For Tree Extraction From Mobile And Airborne Lidar Point Clouds [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Mobile Sensor Node Displacement the Overlapping Sensors to Heal the Coverage Holes in a Wireless Sensor Network [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 111-117]
MODIS Temporal and Spatial Heat Island Pattern Investigation of 20 Different Regions over the World with Different Weather Conditions [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 18-27]
MODIS Quantitative Assessment of the Trends and Spatio-Temporal Variability of Vegetation Growth in Iran using Wavelet Transform and Statistical Approaches [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
MODIS Investigation impact of massive dust storm on aerosol optical, physical, radiative properties over Southwest Iran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
MODIS A Hybrid Under-Cloud Gap Filling Approach for LST Estimation Using MODIS and Meteorological Station Data [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Mono-based Monocular vision based obstacle detection [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 122-130]
Monte Carlo simulation Simulation and Analysis of Flight Altitude and Images Overlaps Impact on 3D Reconstruction Accuracy in UAV Photogrammetry [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
MPNSGA-II Multi-Modal Routing Using NSGA-II Algorithm considering Covid-19 Protocols: A Case Study in Tehran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Multi-class Index Overlay An integrated Fuzzy AHP-VIKOR method for Gold Potential Mapping in Saqez prospecting zone, Iran [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 21-33]
Multi domain registration A Comparative Assessment of Selected Algorithms on Multi Domain Registration of Remote Sensing Images [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 100-110]
Multi-Layer Perceptron A Deep Neural Network for Mass Property Valuation Using Spatial Features [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 104-116]
Multi-modal Routing Multi-Modal Routing Using NSGA-II Algorithm considering Covid-19 Protocols: A Case Study in Tehran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Multi objective land allocation A multiple land use change model based on artificial neural network, Markov chain, and multi objective land allocation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 82-99]
Multi-objective optimization Handling ill-posedness and overparameterization of rational function model using Bi-objective particle swarm optimization [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 34-42]
Multipath mitigation Assessing the Feasibility and Performance of Low-Cost GNSS Receivers for Precise Point Positioning Across Diverse Environments [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 61-69]
Multiple-change Automatic change detection in remotely sensed hyperspectral imagery (Case study: wetlands and waterbodies) [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 9-25]
Multiple kernel learning A spatial-spectral classification strategy for very high-resolution images using region covariance descriptors and multiple kernel learning algorithms [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 92-98]
Multiple land use changes A multiple land use change model based on artificial neural network, Markov chain, and multi objective land allocation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 82-99]
Multiresolution segmentation A Hyperspectral Classification Framework Based on Segmentation and Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Multi-resolution Segmentation Object-Based Multi-Feature Sentinel-1 SAR Analysis for Enhanced Urban Flood [(Articles in Press)]
Multi-resolution Segmentation (MRS) Damage detection using Gas Neural Network and Statistical Analysis using Very High-Resolution Imagery; Application to Beirut 2020 Explosion [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Multispectral Lightweight and Efficient Deep Learning Models for Remote Sensing-Based Land Use and Land Cover Classification: A Case Study on EuroSAT Dataset [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Multispectral Flood Detection Using Earth Observation Data and a Multi-Stage Fusion via Google Earth Engine: A Case Study of Konarak County, Iran [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 70-82]
Multi-temporal analysis Unsupervised change detection monitoring by feature change extraction using bi-temporal high resolution polarimetric SAR images [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 66-80]
Mutual information A Comparative Assessment of Selected Algorithms on Multi Domain Registration of Remote Sensing Images [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 100-110]

N

Naive Bayes Spatial Prediction of the Impact of Road Accidents on Traffic Using Machine Learning Algorithms [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
NARX Neural Network Thermal anomaly detection using NARX neural network method to estimate the earthquake occurrence time [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 98-108]
Natural disasters Developing a spatial solution for earthquake crisis management using volunteered geographic information and genetic algorithm: A case study of an earthquake, Tehran, Iran [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 109-118]
Naysian District Mineral prospectivity mapping of porphyry Cu deposit using VIKOR method [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 148-168]
NDVI Trend analysis development of urban heat island using thermal remote sensing [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 119-131]
Neighborhood filter A multiple land use change model based on artificial neural network, Markov chain, and multi objective land allocation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 82-99]
Network Kernel Density Estimation Identifying Critical Locations in Urban Transportation Networks Using Network Kernel Density Estimation (Net-KDE): A Spatial Analysis [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Newly constructed buildings Deep learning model improvement for building change detection by including local remote sensing training datasets [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Normalized Optimal Index Factor Evaluating the capability of spatial and spectral fusion in land-cover mapping enhancement [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
NSGA-II Multi-Modal Routing Using NSGA-II Algorithm considering Covid-19 Protocols: A Case Study in Tehran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Nuclear Disaster Study on the radioactive pollution in urban features using knowledge-based fuzzy classification of VHR satellite imagery [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 81-97]
Numerical simulation Determination of optimal gravity mission for the coseismic earthquake signals detection [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 118-128]

O

Object Detection A YOLO-Based Approach for Small-Object Defect Detection in High-Voltage Transmission Towers [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 117-125]
Observation differencing Feasibility study of GPS time series analysis with time-dependent periodic coefficients model (TDPC) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 28-35]
Obstacle detection Monocular vision based obstacle detection [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 122-130]
Open Data Kit Developing a VGI method for 3D city modeling based on CityGML and Open Data Kit [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 54-63]
Open Source A new approach based on the RFS method for evaluating popularity of top open-source GIS software packages using user comments in forums [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 58-70]
OpenStreetMap Estimating the Quality of Areal OSM Data, A Case Study in Zanjan [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 72-81]
OpenStreetMap (OSM) Changes in VGI Quality Over Time: Positional Accuracy Trends in Tehran City [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Optical flow Monitoring of sea surface currents by using sea surface temperature and satellite altimetry data in the Caspian Sea [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 36-46]
Optimal Index Factor Evaluating the capability of spatial and spectral fusion in land-cover mapping enhancement [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Orogenic Gold Deposit An integrated Fuzzy AHP-VIKOR method for Gold Potential Mapping in Saqez prospecting zone, Iran [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 21-33]
Orthoimage PSO-SAM: Segmentation of Aerial Images using Particle Swarm Optimization and Segment Anything Model in Urban Environments [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 22-28]
Orthophotomosaics Radiometric and Geometric Enhancement of UAV-Based Urban Orthophoto Mosaic Using Real-ESRGAN Super-Resolution [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Otsu Development of a non-supervised and automatic method for detecting land cover changes in urban areas by using radar and optic data [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 64-76]
Otsu thresholding Estimation of the degree of surface sealing with Sentinel 2 data using building indices [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 112-119]
Outlier detection A modified wavelet-based method for detection of outliers in time series [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 77-83]

P

Pan-sharpening Pan-sharpening Solutions for Khayyam Satellite Imagery: A Comparative Study on Pixel-Level Image Fusion Approaches [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 29-40]
Pansharpening Quantifying the Effect of PAN/MS Resolution Ratios on Pansharpening Quality Using IDSSIM [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Parcel-Based Cellular Automata Modelling Horizontal and Vertical Urban Development Using Parcel-Based Cellular Automata and Artificial Neural Networks [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Parcel spatial distribution An Integrated Parcel-based Neighborhood Effect Model for Urban Land Use Allocation [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 61-74]
Particle Swarm Optimization Firefly optimization algorithm for change detection in urban areas using remote sensing images [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 82-99]
Particle Swarm Optimization Optimizing the regularization parameters of prior information in sparse coding-based multispectral image fusion [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 169-179]
Particle Swarm Optimization Improvement Efficiency of Radial Basis Function Based on the Optimization of its Parameters using Particle Swarm Optimization [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Handling ill-posedness and overparameterization of rational function model using Bi-objective particle swarm optimization [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 34-42]
Patch-wise Least Squares Collocation Investigation of the Consistency Between Anisotropic Covariance Structure of the Local Gravity Signal and the Mass Density through the Patch-wise Least Squares Collocation in Gravity Field Modelling [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 111-117]
PCA A dimension reduced clustering approach for the evaluation of trajectory similarities [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 46-62]
PCA-KMeans Unsupervised building change detection in VHR images using improved PCA-KMeans algorithm [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
PDI A Dual-Layer UAV Workflow for Tree-Level Monitoring of Tree Decline Using RGB Imagery and a Lightweight Deep Learning [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 93-102]
PDR A Method for Improvement of PDR method using Smartphones Considering Pedestrian Properties [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Permutation Feature Importance A Deep Neural Network for Mass Property Valuation Using Spatial Features [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 104-116]
Perturbation An Enhanced Three-Phase Heuristic Approach for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows: Comparing Insertion-Based and Savings-Based Initialization [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Phase statistics On the evaluation of second order phase statistics in SAR interferogram stacks [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 1-15]
Point cloud Automatic generation of E-LOD1 from LiDAR point cloud [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 16-25]
Point cloud Reconstruction of 3D Building Edges to Improve DSM Generated from UAV Multi-Images [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Point cloud A Dual-Layer UAV Workflow for Tree-Level Monitoring of Tree Decline Using RGB Imagery and a Lightweight Deep Learning [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 93-102]
Point Clouds Fast extraction of power lines from mobile LiDAR point clouds based on SVM classification in non-urban area [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 63-73]
Points Cloud Extraction of ground points from LiDAR data based on slope and progressive window thresholding (SPWT) [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 36-44]
Polarimetric SAR Unsupervised change detection monitoring by feature change extraction using bi-temporal high resolution polarimetric SAR images [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 66-80]
Polarimetric signature Integration of Polarimetric Signature-Based Features and Texture Analysis for Accurate Soil Salinity Classification with Sentinel-1 [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 103-110]
Porphyry copper Mineral prospectivity mapping of porphyry Cu deposit using VIKOR method [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 148-168]
Positional Accuracy Changes in VGI Quality Over Time: Positional Accuracy Trends in Tehran City [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Post-Classification Short-Term Spatiotemporal Changes Analysis in Wetlands Areas (Case Study: MianKaleh Wetland) [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Power Line Extraction Fast extraction of power lines from mobile LiDAR point clouds based on SVM classification in non-urban area [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 63-73]
Precipitation Assessing landslide hazards along the Haraz road based on the NSBAS processing - April 5, 2022 in the Doab Region [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Precipitation Temporal Dynamics of Drought Propagation: A Remote Sensing Approach to Track Agricultural Drought Response to Precipitation Variability [(Articles in Press)]
Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Assessing the Feasibility and Performance of Low-Cost GNSS Receivers for Precise Point Positioning Across Diverse Environments [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 61-69]
Prediction Modeling The Propagation Of COVID-19 Using A Multilayer Perceptron And Radial Basis Function In Digital Twins Framework [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Predictive simulation Spatiotemporal Modeling and Forecasting of Urban Expansion in Mashhad Using U-TAE and Cellular Automata [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 119-133]
PRISMA A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Methane Plume Detection in Oil and Gas Sectors Using PRISMA Satellite [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 51-60]
Projection lens Optimal selection of distortion model parameters for projection lenses ssing phasogrammetric self-calibration [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 39-50]
PSO-SAM PSO-SAM: Segmentation of Aerial Images using Particle Swarm Optimization and Segment Anything Model in Urban Environments [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 22-28]
Pyramid Network Road Segmentation in High-Resolution Overhead Imagery Using Deep Encoder–Decoder Architecture [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 118-131]

R

Radar coherence Assessing landslide hazards along the Haraz road based on the NSBAS processing - April 5, 2022 in the Doab Region [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Radar Image Colorization Advanced Deep Learning Methods for Converting Single-Polarized SAR Images to Fully Polarized Representations and Corresponding Freeman-Durden and H/α Feature Decompositions [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Radar interferometry On the evaluation of second order phase statistics in SAR interferogram stacks [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 1-15]
Radar interferometry Feasibility Assessment of Exploitation of Distributed Scatterers in InSAR Stacks over Pasture Areas for Different SAR Satellite Missions [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 64-73]
Radar Polarizatio Development of a non-supervised and automatic method for detecting land cover changes in urban areas by using radar and optic data [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 64-76]
Radar remote sensing Bridge Vertical Deformation Monitoring Using GBSAR Repeat-Pass Observations [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Radial Basis Function Improvement Efficiency of Radial Basis Function Based on the Optimization of its Parameters using Particle Swarm Optimization [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Radiosonde Long-term evaluation of temperature profiles derived from space-based GPS meteorology with radiosonde measurements over Iran [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 1-12]
Random forest A Comparative Study of Flood Detection Models with Optimized Machine Learning Methods Using Sentinel-1 Data [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Random forest Spatial Prediction of the Impact of Road Accidents on Traffic Using Machine Learning Algorithms [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Random forest Short-Term Spatiotemporal Changes Analysis in Wetlands Areas (Case Study: MianKaleh Wetland) [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Random forest Improving ALOS Digital Elevation Model Using ICESat-2 Data and Random Forest [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 137-143]
Random forest Object-Based Multi-Feature Sentinel-1 SAR Analysis for Enhanced Urban Flood [(Articles in Press)]
Range Cell Migration Correction Quantum Meets SAR: A Novel Range-Doppler Algorithm for Next-Gen Earth Observation [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 83-92]
Range-Doppler Evaluation of a 2-D transformation model for georeferencing of Synthetic Aperture RADAR imagery [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 1-11]
Rational Function Models (RFMs) Handling ill-posedness and overparameterization of rational function model using Bi-objective particle swarm optimization [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 34-42]
Rayleigh volume scattering Tomographic SAR Profiling for Buried Target Detection using Multilayer Physical Modelling [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Real-ESRGAN Radiometric and Geometric Enhancement of UAV-Based Urban Orthophoto Mosaic Using Real-ESRGAN Super-Resolution [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Reconstruction A Hybrid Under-Cloud Gap Filling Approach for LST Estimation Using MODIS and Meteorological Station Data [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Reconstruction of fully polarized images Advanced Deep Learning Methods for Converting Single-Polarized SAR Images to Fully Polarized Representations and Corresponding Freeman-Durden and H/α Feature Decompositions [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Recurrent Neural Networks Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics in the Urmia Lake Basin [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 82-92]
Recurrent Residual UNet Comparison of Some Deep Neural Networks for Corn and Soybean Mapping in Iowa State using Landsat imagery [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
REF A comparison of four methods for extracting Land Surface Emissivity and Temperature in the Thermal Infrared Hyperspectral Data [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 56-63]
Reference ellipsoid Numerical determination of the geodesic curves: the solution of a two-point boundary value problem [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 26-35]
Region covariance descriptors A spatial-spectral classification strategy for very high-resolution images using region covariance descriptors and multiple kernel learning algorithms [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 92-98]
Regression Downscaling of SMAP Soil Moisture Satellite Via Multivariate Regression and Artificial Neural Network Methods [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Relativity On the covariant formulation of geoid: the case for Kerr spacetime [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 12-17]
Relaxation time Long-term deformation analysis of Masjed-Soleyman rockfill dam (Iran): results based on terrestrial geodetic data [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 26-43]
Remove-Compute-Restore Investigation of the Consistency Between Anisotropic Covariance Structure of the Local Gravity Signal and the Mass Density through the Patch-wise Least Squares Collocation in Gravity Field Modelling [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 111-117]
Rescue operations Developing a spatial solution for earthquake crisis management using volunteered geographic information and genetic algorithm: A case study of an earthquake, Tehran, Iran [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 109-118]
Resource Allocation Improving Regional Budgeting: An Ontology-Based SDSS Framework for Fair Resource Allocation [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Response The role of morphological spatial indices in the suitability of urban earthquake management [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Retailing Utilizing location-based social network data for optimal retail store placement [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 77-91]
Re-tracking River discharge monitoring using satellite missions: Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-3 (Case study: The Karun River, Iran) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 96-111]
Returned waveforms River discharge monitoring using satellite missions: Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-3 (Case study: The Karun River, Iran) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 96-111]
RFS A new approach based on the RFS method for evaluating popularity of top open-source GIS software packages using user comments in forums [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 58-70]
Rice Identification Automatic rice fields mapping by fusion of in-decoder CNN and data augmentation techniques on Landsat-8 multi-temporal images [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 74-95]
Road network barriers An Integrated Parcel-based Neighborhood Effect Model for Urban Land Use Allocation [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 61-74]
Rockfill dam Long-term deformation analysis of Masjed-Soleyman rockfill dam (Iran): results based on terrestrial geodetic data [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 26-43]
Rooftop Classification Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms for UAV-Based Rooftop Classification [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 40-53]
Roughness Estimation of surface roughness using two physical models, IEM and fractal SPM, on X-band of SAR image. [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
RPC bias correction A quality assessment on the DEM matching-based RPC bias correction [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 12-23]
Rule-Based Classification Study on the radioactive pollution in urban features using knowledge-based fuzzy classification of VHR satellite imagery [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 81-97]

S

SAM PSO-SAM: Segmentation of Aerial Images using Particle Swarm Optimization and Segment Anything Model in Urban Environments [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 22-28]
Sampling Strategy Identifying Critical Locations in Urban Transportation Networks Using Network Kernel Density Estimation (Net-KDE): A Spatial Analysis [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Saqez An integrated Fuzzy AHP-VIKOR method for Gold Potential Mapping in Saqez prospecting zone, Iran [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 21-33]
SAR Patch-Level Land Use and Land Cover Classification Using a Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network: A Case Study on Optical and SAR Data in Iran [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 47-60]
SAR Object-Based Multi-Feature Sentinel-1 SAR Analysis for Enhanced Urban Flood [(Articles in Press)]
SAR Flood Detection Using Earth Observation Data and a Multi-Stage Fusion via Google Earth Engine: A Case Study of Konarak County, Iran [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 70-82]
SAR data Intelligent Methods For Soil Moisture Retrieval from Sentinel -1 SAR Data Based On a Designed Ground Sensor [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 28-39]
SAR Images Flood Detection Based on UNet++ Segmentation Method Using Sentinel-1 Satellite Imagery [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
SAR imaging Improved cross-range resolution 2D Ground-based SAR to monitor remote objects [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Sarkhun gas field Investigating land subsidence in the Sarkhun gas field using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
SAR Polarimetric Interferometry An Integrated PolSAR and PolInSAR Framework for Landslide Detection Using Sentinel-1 Dual-Polarization SAR Data [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 93-104]
SAR Polarimetry An Integrated PolSAR and PolInSAR Framework for Landslide Detection Using Sentinel-1 Dual-Polarization SAR Data [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 93-104]
SAR radar images Identification of Coastal and Non-Coastal Vessels in SAR Radar Images Using YOLOv8 Deep Learning Network [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
SAR signal processing Evaluating an S-band Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging System for LFMCW SAR Processing [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 1-11]
Satellite altimetry Monitoring of sea surface currents by using sea surface temperature and satellite altimetry data in the Caspian Sea [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 36-46]
Satellite gravity Determination of optimal gravity mission for the coseismic earthquake signals detection [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 118-128]
Satellite images Building change detection improvement using satellite image features and deep learning [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Satellite-Images The Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives in the field of vegetation Classification with emphasis on Horticultural Species Using machine learning Methods [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-22]
Satellite image time-series A spatio-temporal feature extraction algorithm for crop mapping using satellite image time-series data [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 112-121]
Satellite imaging Geospatial Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping using Geological, Remote Sensing Data and Multi-Criteria Analysis Techniques [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Satellite orbit propagation The generalized F and G series for the satellite orbit propagation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 71-81]
Satellite radar altimetry River discharge monitoring using satellite missions: Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-3 (Case study: The Karun River, Iran) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 96-111]
Satellite stereo images A quality assessment on the DEM matching-based RPC bias correction [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 12-23]
Satellite Time Series Assessing Regional Patterns of Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery, Degradation, and Change Using NDVI Time Series and MLP: A Multi-Region Case Study [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 23-46]
Satellite towns Using Fuzzy-CA model for modelling of transportation network and satellite towns impacts on landuse change [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 112-131]
SBAS-InSAR Monitoring Surface Displacement at the Tang Mud Volcano (Southern Iran) Using SBAS-InSAR and Sentinel-1 Time Series Analysis [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 17-27]
SDSS Improving Regional Budgeting: An Ontology-Based SDSS Framework for Fair Resource Allocation [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Search and Rescue (SAR) CFD-Based Estimation of Sunken Vessel Position Using Environmental Data and Last-Recorded AIS Data [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 14-21]
Seasonal signals Feasibility study of GPS time series analysis with time-dependent periodic coefficients model (TDPC) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 28-35]
Sea surface currents Monitoring of sea surface currents by using sea surface temperature and satellite altimetry data in the Caspian Sea [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 36-46]
Sea Surface Salinity Evaluation of HYCOM sea surface salinity and temperature using buoy measurements [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Self-Attention Mechanisms ChangeCoTNet : Building Change Detection by Contextual Transformer Deep Network [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Self-calibration Optimal selection of distortion model parameters for projection lenses ssing phasogrammetric self-calibration [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 39-50]
Semantic Road Segmentation in High-Resolution Overhead Imagery Using Deep Encoder–Decoder Architecture [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 118-131]
Semantic modelling Photorealistic versus procedural texturing of the 3D buildings in virtual smart cities [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Semantic segmentation PSO-SAM: Segmentation of Aerial Images using Particle Swarm Optimization and Segment Anything Model in Urban Environments [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 22-28]
Sentinel-1 A Comparative Study of Flood Detection Models with Optimized Machine Learning Methods Using Sentinel-1 Data [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Sentinel-1 Intelligent Methods For Soil Moisture Retrieval from Sentinel -1 SAR Data Based On a Designed Ground Sensor [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 28-39]
Sentinel-1 Comparing CNN and GAN Based Models for Flood Extent Mapping [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 126-136]
Sentinel-1 Integration of Polarimetric Signature-Based Features and Texture Analysis for Accurate Soil Salinity Classification with Sentinel-1 [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 103-110]
Sentinel-1 An Integrated PolSAR and PolInSAR Framework for Landslide Detection Using Sentinel-1 Dual-Polarization SAR Data [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 93-104]
Sentinel-1 SAR Monitoring Surface Displacement at the Tang Mud Volcano (Southern Iran) Using SBAS-InSAR and Sentinel-1 Time Series Analysis [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 17-27]
Sentinel -2 High-resolution urban aerosol monitoring using Sentinel -2 satellite images [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 102-111]
Sentinel-2 Lightweight and Efficient Deep Learning Models for Remote Sensing-Based Land Use and Land Cover Classification: A Case Study on EuroSAT Dataset [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Sentinel-2 Comparing CNN and GAN Based Models for Flood Extent Mapping [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 126-136]
Sentinel-2 Imagery Dual Stream Attention U-Net for High Precision Methane Plume Segmentation from Sentinel 2 Imagery [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 41-50]
Sentinel -3 High-resolution urban aerosol monitoring using Sentinel -2 satellite images [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 102-111]
Sentinel-5 Evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions in thermal power plant and its effect on air quality in the neighboring city using Sentinel-5 images (Case Study: Iran, Arak) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 36-45]
Sentinel Imagery Estimation of the degree of surface sealing with Sentinel 2 data using building indices [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 112-119]
Settlement index Long-term deformation analysis of Masjed-Soleyman rockfill dam (Iran): results based on terrestrial geodetic data [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 26-43]
Ship detection Identification of Coastal and Non-Coastal Vessels in SAR Radar Images Using YOLOv8 Deep Learning Network [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
SIFT A Comparative Assessment of Selected Algorithms on Multi Domain Registration of Remote Sensing Images [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 100-110]
Similarity Functions The credibility evaluation of the trajectory clustering results using a user-defined similarity [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 132-144]
Slope instability Assessing landslide hazards along the Haraz road based on the NSBAS processing - April 5, 2022 in the Doab Region [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
SMAP Downscaling of SMAP Soil Moisture Satellite Via Multivariate Regression and Artificial Neural Network Methods [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Software Selection A new approach based on the RFS method for evaluating popularity of top open-source GIS software packages using user comments in forums [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 58-70]
Soil moisture Downscaling of SMAP Soil Moisture Satellite Via Multivariate Regression and Artificial Neural Network Methods [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Soil moisture Assessing landslide hazards along the Haraz road based on the NSBAS processing - April 5, 2022 in the Doab Region [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Soil moisture Intelligent Methods For Soil Moisture Retrieval from Sentinel -1 SAR Data Based On a Designed Ground Sensor [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 28-39]
Soil moisture Temporal Dynamics of Drought Propagation: A Remote Sensing Approach to Track Agricultural Drought Response to Precipitation Variability [(Articles in Press)]
Soil salinity mapping Integration of Polarimetric Signature-Based Features and Texture Analysis for Accurate Soil Salinity Classification with Sentinel-1 [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 103-110]
Southern Oscillation Index Assessing the impact of cold and warm ENSO on drought over Iran [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 45-55]
Space-Borne SAR Images Effective approach for area-based spaceborne SAR images registration using GLCM textural Features [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 13-25]
Sparse representation A new super resolution and deblurring algorithm for Magnetic Resonance images based on sparse representation and dictionary learning [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 24-38]
Spatial Model Modeling The Propagation Of COVID-19 Using A Multilayer Perceptron And Radial Basis Function In Digital Twins Framework [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Spatial resolution Pan-sharpening Solutions for Khayyam Satellite Imagery: A Comparative Study on Pixel-Level Image Fusion Approaches [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 29-40]
Spatio-Temporal The credibility evaluation of the trajectory clustering results using a user-defined similarity [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 132-144]
Spatio-temporal attention Spatiotemporal Modeling and Forecasting of Urban Expansion in Mashhad Using U-TAE and Cellular Automata [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 119-133]
Spatio-temporal correlation Anisotropic Behaviour of Atmospheric Disturbances in Coastal Areas for Satellite Radar Interferometry: Significance and Mitigation Strategy [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 1-13]
Spatio-temporal features A spatio-temporal feature extraction algorithm for crop mapping using satellite image time-series data [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 112-121]
Speckle Noise Reduction Anomaly Detection in SAR Images Using a Hybrid Self-Supervised Approach [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-84]
Spectral Unmixing Optimizing the regularization parameters of prior information in sparse coding-based multispectral image fusion [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 169-179]
SPEI Measuring drought agriculture by using ADSI and VHI indices and determining crops irrigation effects (case study: Markazi province) [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Spline interpolant Ellipsoidal spline functions for gravity data interpolation and smoothing [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 1-11]
SSDD dataset Identification of Coastal and Non-Coastal Vessels in SAR Radar Images Using YOLOv8 Deep Learning Network [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
StaMPS Investigating land subsidence in the Sarkhun gas field using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Star matching Non-rigid star pattern recognition for preparation of IOD’s observations [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 47-57]
Statistical Remote Sensing Evaluating the capability of spatial and spectral fusion in land-cover mapping enhancement [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Statistical Thresholding Anomaly Detection in SAR Images Using a Hybrid Self-Supervised Approach [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-84]
Step Length Estimation Classification A Method for Improvement of PDR method using Smartphones Considering Pedestrian Properties [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Structural Health Monitoring Bridge Vertical Deformation Monitoring Using GBSAR Repeat-Pass Observations [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Structure from Motion 3D reconstruction accuracy assessment of UAV-based photogrammetry products: Modeling of GCPs pattern, number, and spatial distribution [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
SUHI Temporal and Spatial Heat Island Pattern Investigation of 20 Different Regions over the World with Different Weather Conditions [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 18-27]
Suitability The role of morphological spatial indices in the suitability of urban earthquake management [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Sulfur Dioxide Evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions in thermal power plant and its effect on air quality in the neighboring city using Sentinel-5 images (Case Study: Iran, Arak) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 36-45]
Sunken-vessel localization CFD-Based Estimation of Sunken Vessel Position Using Environmental Data and Last-Recorded AIS Data [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 14-21]
Super-pixel A novel density-based super-pixel aggregation for automatic segmentation of remote sensing images in urban areas [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 84-91]
Super-Resolution Radiometric and Geometric Enhancement of UAV-Based Urban Orthophoto Mosaic Using Real-ESRGAN Super-Resolution [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Super resolution, Dictionary learning A new super resolution and deblurring algorithm for Magnetic Resonance images based on sparse representation and dictionary learning [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 24-38]
Supervised Feature Selection Application of Local Supervised Feature Selection Approach to Target Detection in Hyperspectral Imagery [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 43-53]
Support Vector Machines (SVM) Fast extraction of power lines from mobile LiDAR point clouds based on SVM classification in non-urban area [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 63-73]
Surface Displacement Monitoring Surface Displacement at the Tang Mud Volcano (Southern Iran) Using SBAS-InSAR and Sentinel-1 Time Series Analysis [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 17-27]
Surface observations Impact of Iranian permanent GPS network precipitable water estimates on numerical weather prediction [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 100-111]
Surface sealing Estimation of the degree of surface sealing with Sentinel 2 data using building indices [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 112-119]
Susceptibility mapping Integrated quantitative and qualitative GIS based drought analysis and salt/dust storm impacts on food security [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 93-103]
Swin A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Methane Plume Detection in Oil and Gas Sectors Using PRISMA Satellite [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 51-60]
Synthetic Aperture Radar Morphological discrimination amongst geological rock surfaces of Zagros thrust belt via SAR backscattering modelling [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 131-141]
Synthetic Aperture Radar Anomaly Detection in SAR Images Using a Hybrid Self-Supervised Approach [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-84]
Synthetic Aperture Radar Quantum Meets SAR: A Novel Range-Doppler Algorithm for Next-Gen Earth Observation [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 83-92]

T

Tang Mud Volcano Monitoring Surface Displacement at the Tang Mud Volcano (Southern Iran) Using SBAS-InSAR and Sentinel-1 Time Series Analysis [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 17-27]
Target Detection Application of Local Supervised Feature Selection Approach to Target Detection in Hyperspectral Imagery [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 43-53]
Teleconnectios Assessing the impact of cold and warm ENSO on drought over Iran [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 45-55]
Temperature profile Long-term evaluation of temperature profiles derived from space-based GPS meteorology with radiosonde measurements over Iran [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 1-12]
Temporal decorrelation Feasibility Assessment of Exploitation of Distributed Scatterers in InSAR Stacks over Pasture Areas for Different SAR Satellite Missions [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 64-73]
Temporal Trend Changes in VGI Quality Over Time: Positional Accuracy Trends in Tehran City [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Terrasar-X Estimation of surface roughness using two physical models, IEM and fractal SPM, on X-band of SAR image. [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Thermal Anomaly Precursor Fault distance-based approach in thermal anomaly detection before strong Earthquakes [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Thermal imaging Evaluation of Deep Learning Methods for Human Detection in Drone Thermal Images [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Three-phase method An Enhanced Three-Phase Heuristic Approach for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows: Comparing Insertion-Based and Savings-Based Initialization [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Tidal component Evaluation of the global tidal model FES2014 with Tide Gauge data in the Coastal regions of the Persian Gulf [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Tidal Global Model Evaluation of the global tidal model FES2014 with Tide Gauge data in the Coastal regions of the Persian Gulf [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Tide gauge Evaluation of the global tidal model FES2014 with Tide Gauge data in the Coastal regions of the Persian Gulf [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Time Series Analysis Investigating land subsidence in the Sarkhun gas field using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Time Series Analysis Monitoring Surface Displacement at the Tang Mud Volcano (Southern Iran) Using SBAS-InSAR and Sentinel-1 Time Series Analysis [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 17-27]
Time-series classification A spatio-temporal feature extraction algorithm for crop mapping using satellite image time-series data [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 112-121]
Topographic errors Evaluation of a 2-D transformation model for georeferencing of Synthetic Aperture RADAR imagery [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 1-11]
Traffic Speed Prediction Evaluation of A Hybrid CNN-TCN-LSTM Model for Traffic Flow Prediction [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
Trajectories Inferring geometric similarities of trajectories by an abstract trajectory descriptor [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 56-65]
Trajectory Clustering The credibility evaluation of the trajectory clustering results using a user-defined similarity [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 132-144]
Trajectory similarity A dimension reduced clustering approach for the evaluation of trajectory similarities [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 46-62]
Transfer Learning Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms for UAV-Based Rooftop Classification [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 40-53]
Transformation Evaluation of a 2-D transformation model for georeferencing of Synthetic Aperture RADAR imagery [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 1-11]
Transportation Networks Using Fuzzy-CA model for modelling of transportation network and satellite towns impacts on landuse change [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 112-131]
Travel Time Inequity (TTI) A Diagnostic Framework for Selecting Spatial Regression Models in Urban Accessibility Studies [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 105-118]
Tree-Base Method Displacement the Overlapping Sensors to Heal the Coverage Holes in a Wireless Sensor Network [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 111-117]
Tree Extraction 3D Convolutional Autoencoder For Tree Extraction From Mobile And Airborne Lidar Point Clouds [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
Tropospheric delay correction Anisotropic Behaviour of Atmospheric Disturbances in Coastal Areas for Satellite Radar Interferometry: Significance and Mitigation Strategy [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 1-13]
Turning point Inferring geometric similarities of trajectories by an abstract trajectory descriptor [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 56-65]
Two-Dimensional wavelet transform Applicability analysis of the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform for de-striping of GRACE products [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 74-81]

U

UAV-based photogrammetry 3D reconstruction accuracy assessment of UAV-based photogrammetry products: Modeling of GCPs pattern, number, and spatial distribution [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
UAV Imagery and Mapping Flood inundation modeling in ungauged basins using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles imagery [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 44-55]
UAV photogrammetry Simulation and Analysis of Flight Altitude and Images Overlaps Impact on 3D Reconstruction Accuracy in UAV Photogrammetry [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
UAV photogrammetry Radiometric and Geometric Enhancement of UAV-Based Urban Orthophoto Mosaic Using Real-ESRGAN Super-Resolution [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
UHI Temporal and Spatial Heat Island Pattern Investigation of 20 Different Regions over the World with Different Weather Conditions [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 18-27]
Ultra-high resolution A novel density-based super-pixel aggregation for automatic segmentation of remote sensing images in urban areas [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 84-91]
UML A Profile of Land Administration Domain Model Core Packages for Iranian Jurisdiction [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 61-71]
U-Net Road Segmentation in High-Resolution Overhead Imagery Using Deep Encoder–Decoder Architecture [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 118-131]
U-Net++ Advanced Deep Learning Methods for Converting Single-Polarized SAR Images to Fully Polarized Representations and Corresponding Freeman-Durden and H/α Feature Decompositions [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
UNet Comparison of Some Deep Neural Networks for Corn and Soybean Mapping in Iowa State using Landsat imagery [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
UNet++ Flood Detection Based on UNet++ Segmentation Method Using Sentinel-1 Satellite Imagery [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
UNet 3+ Comparison of Some Deep Neural Networks for Corn and Soybean Mapping in Iowa State using Landsat imagery [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
U-Net Model Radiological Image Processing Automatic Segmentation of Lung X-Ray Images Using U-Net Convolutional Neural Network [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 54-60]
Ungagged Basin Flood inundation modeling in ungauged basins using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles imagery [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 44-55]
Unsupervised Building Change Detection Unsupervised building change detection in VHR images using improved PCA-KMeans algorithm [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Unsupervised classification Unsupervised change detection monitoring by feature change extraction using bi-temporal high resolution polarimetric SAR images [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 66-80]
Urban Air Quality Monitoring High-resolution urban aerosol monitoring using Sentinel -2 satellite images [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 102-111]
Urban area PSO-SAM: Segmentation of Aerial Images using Particle Swarm Optimization and Segment Anything Model in Urban Environments [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 22-28]
Urban canyon Assessing the Feasibility and Performance of Low-Cost GNSS Receivers for Precise Point Positioning Across Diverse Environments [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 61-69]
Urban classification A spatial-spectral classification strategy for very high-resolution images using region covariance descriptors and multiple kernel learning algorithms [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 92-98]
Urban flood Object-Based Multi-Feature Sentinel-1 SAR Analysis for Enhanced Urban Flood [(Articles in Press)]
Urban Planning Identifying Critical Locations in Urban Transportation Networks Using Network Kernel Density Estimation (Net-KDE): A Spatial Analysis [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Urban Resilience Enhancing Urban Traffic Flow Understanding Through Online Data Analysis and Modeling Case Study; A western route in Tehran [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
Urban transportation network Multi-Modal Routing Using NSGA-II Algorithm considering Covid-19 Protocols: A Case Study in Tehran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022]
Urban transportation network Identifying Critical Locations in Urban Transportation Networks Using Network Kernel Density Estimation (Net-KDE): A Spatial Analysis [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]

V

Variable amplitude model Feasibility study of GPS time series analysis with time-dependent periodic coefficients model (TDPC) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 28-35]
Variogram modelling Anisotropic Behaviour of Atmospheric Disturbances in Coastal Areas for Satellite Radar Interferometry: Significance and Mitigation Strategy [Volume 10, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 1-13]
Vegetation Recovery Period Assessing Regional Patterns of Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery, Degradation, and Change Using NDVI Time Series and MLP: A Multi-Region Case Study [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 23-46]
Vegetation Recovery Rate Assessing Regional Patterns of Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery, Degradation, and Change Using NDVI Time Series and MLP: A Multi-Region Case Study [Volume 9, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 23-46]
Vehicle routing problem An Enhanced Three-Phase Heuristic Approach for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows: Comparing Insertion-Based and Savings-Based Initialization [Volume 8, Issue 2, 2024]
Very High-Resolution (VHR) images Object-Based Supervised Change Detection Using Extracted Features from VHR Imagery [Volume 8, Issue 1, 2024]
VGG-16 A Comparative Study of Flood Detection Models with Optimized Machine Learning Methods Using Sentinel-1 Data [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
VGI Changes in VGI Quality Over Time: Positional Accuracy Trends in Tehran City [Volume 7, Issue 2, 2023]
VHI Measuring drought agriculture by using ADSI and VHI indices and determining crops irrigation effects (case study: Markazi province) [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022]
VHR images Unsupervised building change detection in VHR images using improved PCA-KMeans algorithm [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Vikor An integrated Fuzzy AHP-VIKOR method for Gold Potential Mapping in Saqez prospecting zone, Iran [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 21-33]
Vikor Spatial analysis of land use/land cover (LULC) changes to support sustainable land management based on landscape metrics [Volume 7, Issue 1, 2023]
Vision-based Monocular vision based obstacle detection [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 122-130]
Volunteered Geographic Information Developing a VGI method for 3D city modeling based on CityGML and Open Data Kit [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 54-63]
Volunteered Geographic Information Estimating the Quality of Areal OSM Data, A Case Study in Zanjan [Volume 9, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 72-81]
Vulnerable roads Developing a spatial solution for earthquake crisis management using volunteered geographic information and genetic algorithm: A case study of an earthquake, Tehran, Iran [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 109-118]

Earth Observation and Geomatics Engineering

Keyword Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z